Scientists from US' Rockefeller University have analyzed soil from beaches, forests and deserts on the five continents to discover the best places in the world to mine untapped antibiotic and anticancer drugs.
The findings provide new insights into the natural world as well as a road map for future drug discovery. The scientists now want to collect more samples from unique environments such as caves, hot springs, islands and city parks.
Lead author Zachary Charlop-Powers said the study of the biosynthetic content of these soils shows their potential for drug discovery.
"Uncultured bacteria from the environment could provide a dazzling array of new molecules many of which could become new medicines. The unbelievable diversity we found is a first step towards our dream of building a world map of chemicals produced by microbes," said Sean Brady, from the Rockefeller University.
They will continue with their citizen science effort 'Drugs from Dirt', inviting the public to submit samples.
While there are more microbes in a teaspoon of soil than there are humans on earth, only a tiny fraction have been cultured. Of these only a small number of the potentially clinically useful chemicals produced by bacteria have been studied.
For this study, 185 samples were taken from rainforests, temperate forests, deserts, and beaches on five continents (North America, South America, Africa, Asia and Australia) and the oceanic islands of Hawaii and Dominican Republic.
The vast majority of antibiotics in clinical use today are derived from soil bacteria but the yield of new drugs is low because the same cultivated bacteria and the set of molecules they synthesise are repeatedly rediscovered.
But for every cultured bacterial species there are 100 uncultivated species in the environment.
Scientists have previously identified clusters of bacterial genes that are particularly good at producing therapeutics. This knowledge meant the scientists could focus on searching for certain types of gene clusters in samples rather than having to sequence and analyse the whole genomes of bacteria.
The team compared environmentally derived DNA to DNA from laboratory-grown bacteria chosen for their ability to make more than 400 natural product compounds. The analysis revealed soils particularly rich in important gene clusters.
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