For decades physicists across the globe have been trying to figure out the mysteries of black holes - fascinating monstrous entities that have such intense gravitational pull that nothing - not even light - can escape from them.
The debate about the behaviour of black holes, which has been ongoing since 1975, was reignited when Hawking posted a blog on January 22, 2014, stating that event horizons - the invisible boundaries of black holes - do not exist.
Hawking, considered to be the foremost expert on black holes, has over the years revised his theory and continues to work on understanding these cosmic puzzles.
But now, Professor Chris Adami from Michigan State University says he may have the answer to the elusive question.
"According to the laws of quantum physics, information can't disappear," Adami said. "A loss of information would imply that the universe itself would suddenly become unpredictable every time the black hole swallows a particle. That is just inconceivable. No law of physics that we know allows this to happen."
So if the black hole sucks in information with its intense gravitational pull, then later disappears entirely, information and all, how can the laws of quantum physics be preserved?
The solution, Adami says, is that the information is contained in the stimulated emission of radiation, which must accompany the Hawking radiation - the glow that makes a black hole not so black.
Stimulated emission makes the black hole glow in the information that it swallowed.
"Stimulated emission is the physical process behind LASERS (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Basically, it works like a copy machine: you throw something into the machine, and two identical somethings come out. If you throw information at a black hole, just before it is swallowed, the black hole first makes a copy that is left outside. This copying mechanism was discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917, and without it, physics cannot be consistent," Adami said.
One of the many perplexities is a decades-old debate about what happens to information - matter or energy and their characteristics at the atomic and subatomic level - in black holes.
"In 1975, Hawking discovered that black holes aren't all black. They actually radiate a featureless glow, now called Hawking radiation," Adami said. "In his original theory, Hawking stated that the radiation slowly consumes the black hole and it eventually evaporates and disappears, concluding that information and anything that enters the black hole would be irretrievably lost."
With so many researchers trying to fix Hawking's theory, why did it take so long if it was hiding in plain sight?
"While a few people did realize that the stimulated emission effect was missing in Hawking's calculation, they could not resolve the paradox without a deep understanding of quantum communication theory," Adami said. Quantum communication theory was designed to understand how information interacts with quantum systems, and Adami was one of the pioneers of quantum information theory back in the '90s.
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